Table 4. Covalent Binder Classification by Residue Target
Target ResidueCovalent bindersWarheadsAdductsUnique Protein ChainsPDBsCovalent records
0Cysteine100966101942113442299
1Serine533445442778981481
2Lysine21524225109302574
3Threonine1081311029193821
4Glutamic Acid6514715696193
5Aspartic Acid5610613571169
6Histidine4821514264120
7Tyrosine26526223649
8Methionine212222
9MultiResType46*1597185323935
10MultiResTrgt81*24141132237732
11Sum21892372347*131035667375
Note: This table shows binders' residue type selectivity
Table 5. Covalent Binder Classification by Residue Target (DrugBank)
Target ResidueCovalent bindersWarheadsAdductsUnique Protein ChainsPDBsCovalent records
0Cysteine97309886179357
1Serine9022104124245371
2Lysine174243646135
3Threonine6468845
4Glutamic Acid5377813
5Histidine223448
6Aspartic Acid1122313
7MultiResType17*1135138232708
8MultiResTrgt10*818222871
9Sum24585297*4277531721
Note: All binders in this table could be found in DrugBank
Table 6. Covalent Binder Classification by Residue Target (FDA approved)
Target ResidueCovalent bindersWarheadsAdductsUnique Protein ChainsPDBsCovalent records
0Serine2573488141220
1Cysteine12613132445
2Lysine212223
3Threonine111316
4MultiResType7*61774155496
5Sum472167*180323770
Note: All binders in this table could be found in DrugBank and got approved by FDA
Xiaokang Guo, New York University, 2025